Hyperbaric oxygen therapy activates hypoxiainducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which contributes to improved wound healing in diabetic mice: HBO therapy activates HIF

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has been used as an adjunctive therapy for diabetic foot ulcers, although its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Recently, it has been shown that HBO mobilizes the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bone marrow that eventually will aggregate in the wound. However, the gathering of the EPCs in diabetic wounds is impaired because of the decreased levels of local stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α). Therefore, we investigated the influenceof HBO on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which is a central regulator ofSDF-1α and is down-regulated in diabetic wounds. The effects of HBO on HIF-1α function were studied in human dermal fibroblasts, SKRC7 cells, and HIF-1α knockout and wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts using appropriate techniques (Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase hypoxiaresponsive element reporter assay). Cellular proliferation was assessed using H3-thymidine incorporation assay. The effect of HIF in combination with HBOT was tested by inoculating stable HIF-1α-expressing adenovirus (Adv-HIF) into experimental wounds in db/db mice exposed to HBO. HBO activates HIF-1α at several levels by increasing both HIF-1α stability (by a non-canonical mechanism) andactivity (as shown both by induction of relevant target genes and by a specific reporter assay). HIF-1α induction has important biological relevance because the induction of fibroblast proliferation in HBO disappears when HIF-1α is knocked down. Moreover, the local transfer of stable HIF-1α-expressing adenovirus (Adv-HIF) into experimentalwounds in diabetic (db/db mice) animals has an additive effect on HBO-mediated improvements in wound healing. In conclusion, HBO stabilizes and activates HIF-1, which contributes to increased cellular proliferation. In diabetic animals, the local transfer of active HIF further improves the effects of HBO on wound healing