Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundAcute coronary syndrome (ACS), includes acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina, is common and may prove fatal. Hyperbaricoxygen therapy (HBOT) will improve oxygen supply to the threatened heart and may reduce the volume of heart muscle that perishes.The addition of HBOT to standard treatment may reduce death rate and other major adverse outcomes.This an update of a review previously published in May 2004 and June 2010.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to assess the evidence for the effects of adjunctive HBOT in the treatment of ACS. We compared treatmentregimens including adjunctive HBOT against similar regimensexcluding HBOT. Where regimens differed significantly between studiesthis is clearly stated and the implications discussed. All comparisons were made using an intention to treat analysis where this waspossible. Efficacy was estimated from randomised trial comparisons but no attempt was made to evaluate the likely effectiveness thatmight be achieved in routine clinical practice. Specifically, we addressed:Does the adjunctive administration of HBOT to people with acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or infarction) result in areduction in the risk of death?Does the adjunctive administration of HBOT to people with acute coronary syndrome result in a reduction in the risk of major adversecardiac events (MACE), that is: cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization by operative or percutaneousintervention?Is the administration of HBOT safe in both the short and long term?Search methodsWe updated the search of the following sources in September 2014, but found no additional relevant citations since the previous search in June 2010 (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and DORCTHIM. Relevant journals were handsearched and researchers in the field contacted. We applied no language restrictions.Selection criteriaRandomised studies comparing the effect on ACS of regimens that include HBOT with those that exclude HBOTData collection and analysis Three authors independently evaluated the quality of trials using the guidelines of the Cochrane Handbook and extracted data from included trials. Binary outcomes were analysed using risk ratios (RR) and continuous outcomes using the mean difference (MD) and both are presented with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.Main resultsNo new trials were located in our most recent search in September 2014. Six trials with 665 participants contributed to this review.These trials were small and subject to potential bias. Only two reported randomisation procedures in detail and in only one trial was allocation concealed. While only modest numbers of participants were lost to follow-up, in general there is little information on the longer-term outcome for participants. Patients with acute coronary syndrome allocated to HBOT were associated with a reduction in the risk of death by around 42% (RR: 0.58, (95% CI 0.36 to 0.92), 5 trials, 614 participants; low quality evidence).In general, HBOT was well-tolerated. No patients were reported as suffering neurological oxygen toxicity and only a single patient wasreported to have significant barotrauma to the tympanic membrane. One trial suggested a significant incidence of claustrophobia in single occupancy chambers of 15% (RR of claustrophobia with HBOT 31.6, 95% CI 1.92 to 521).Authors’ conclusionsFor people with ACS, there is some evidence from small trials to suggest that HBOT is associated with a reduction in the risk of death,the volume of damaged muscle, the risk of MACE and time to relief from ischaemic pain. In view of the modest number of patients, methodological shortcomings and poor reporting, this result should be interpreted cautiously, and an appropriately powered trial of high methodological rigour is justified to define those patients (if any) who can be expected to derive most benefit from HBOT. The routine application of HBOT to these patients cannot be justified from this review.